复合句(Complex Sentence)由•个主句(Principal Clause)和•个或•个以上的从句 (Subordinate
Clause)构成。
主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在：从句则是-个句子成分，不能独立存在。
从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，就像-个句了 •样。所不同在于，从句须 由一个关联词(connective)引导。
复合句(The Complex Sentence)：句/中有•个或•个以上的从句，叫做复合句。复合句可 分为：
1) .定语从句(The Attributive Clause)： 2) .状语从句(The Adverbial Clause)； 3) •名词性从句(The Noun Clause)
一、定语从句 ・定语从句的定义
定语从句在句了中作定语，用来修饰•个名词、名词词组或者代词。 ・先行词和引导词
被修饰的名词、名词词组或代词叫做先行词： 在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫做引导词。 引导词分为“关系代词”和“关系副词”。 ・关系代词和关系副词
关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which, as。
关系副词有：when, where, why=注意：关系副词里面没有how° 如果要修饰方式，用that或in which引导，或者不用引导词。
I don't like the way (that, in which) he eyed me.
我不喜欢他看我的那个样子。 •关系代词：who
关系动词who在从句中主要作主语，在非正式语体里who还可以作从句中的宾语。
He is the man who wants to see you.
He is the man who I saw in the park yesterday.
•关系代词：whom
He is the man (whom) I saw in the park yesterday. (whom在从句中作宾语)
•关系代词：whose
whose用来指人或物，｛只能用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换)。 They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
Please pass me the book whose cover is green. ( of which the cover/th ) whichof cover e
•关系代词：which (1)
which指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时在非正式语体中可以省略。 They needed a plant which didn't need as much water as rice.
The farm (which) we visited yesterday is located in the suburb of Beijing.
•关系代词：which (2)
当在which和that面前进行选择的情况下，•般情况下要选which：
1•在非限制性定语从句中通常用which作引导词，而不能用that做非限制性定语从句的引导 词。 2. 修饰整个主句。
I never met Julia again after that, which was a pity. 3•修饰谓语部分。
He can swim in the river, which I cannot. 4.介词 + which
They are all questions to which there are no answers.
•关系代词:that (1)
that多用来指物，有时也可以用来指人；在从句中作主语或宾语。指物的时候多用that,也可 用 which c
It's a question that (which) needs careful consideration.
(指物，作主语。)
Who is the man that is reading a magazine under the tree?
(指人，作主语。)
The girl (that) we saw yesterday is Tom's sister.
(指人，作宾语，可省略。) •关系代词:that (2)
在以下的情况中，只能用that作引导词，而不能用which作引导词。
1. 先行词为 all, everything, anything, nothing, little 等不定代词时。 All (that) she lacked was training. 2. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 3. 先行词彼序数词和the last修饰时 4. 先行词中既有人又有物时
They talked about the teachers and the schools that they had visited. 5. 主句是含有who或which的特殊疑问句，为了避免重复时
二、状语从句
1地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由where, whenever引导。
trees.
of plenty are there live I Where
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 2方式状语从句
方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as・・・so…，as if, as though引导。
1) as, (just) as-so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as-so…结构中位于 句首，
这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是正如甥？？，就像，多用于正式文体，例如：
Always do to the others as you would be done by.
你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。
As water is to fish, so air is to man.
我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
正如打扫房屋•样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
2） as if, as though
两者的总:义和用法和同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，衣示与事实相反，有时也用陈述 语气，衣示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作仿佛……似的，好像……似的，例如：
They completely ignore these facts as if （as though） they never existed.
他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
He looks as if （as though） he had been hit by lighting.
他那样了就像彼雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
说明：as if/as though也可以引导•个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.
他目不转睛地看着我，就像第•次看见我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something.
他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。
3原因状语从句
比较：because, si nee, as 和 for
1） because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why捉出的问题。当原因是显而易 见的
或已为人们所知，就用as或since□
I didn't go, because I was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2） 由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前而有逗号，则可以用for来代。for替。但 如果不
是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用.
He is absent today, because / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today. 4目的状语从句
表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, in case等词引导,例如：
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 5结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由so・・・ that或such・・・that引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so和
such 与其后的词的搭配规律。
比较:so和such
其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词， 只能修饰形容词或副词。so还可与衣示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定 搭配。
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower so many / few flowers such nice flowers so much / little money, such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
（so many已成固定搭配，a lot of虽相当于many,但a lot of为名词性的，只能用such 搭配。）
so・・・that与such・・・that之间的转换既为so与such之间的转换。 The boy is so young that he can't go to school. He is such a young boy that he can't go to school 6条件状语从句
连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等＜=.
if引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中闸述。 unless = if not.
Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired. If you are not too tied, lefs go out for a walk.
7让步状语从句
though, although
注总：当有though, although时.后【fit的从句不能有but,但是though和yet可连用
Although it's raining, they are still working in the field. 3） ever if, even though.即使 bad.
is weather the though even trip a make Well 4）.................................. whethe「・・・or-不管 都 Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 5）
o matter +疑问词 或疑问词+后缀ever
No matter what happened, he would not mind. Whatever happened, he would not mind.
替换：no matter what = whatever
no matter who 二 whoever no matter when 二 whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however
注意：no matter不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。 （错）No matter what you say is of no use now. （对）Whatever you say is of no use now.
你现在说什么也没用了。（Whatever you say是主语从句） （错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。
8 比较 while, when, as
1） as, when引导短暂性动作的动词。
Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.
2） 当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when引导这个从句，不可用as或while» When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. 3） 从句表示随时间推移连词能用as,不用when或while. As the day went on, the weather got worse.
日子i天天过去，天气越变越坏。
9 比较 until 和 till
此两个连词盘义和同。肯定形式衣示的盘思是做某事直至某时，动词必须是延续性的。否定形 式衣达的恿思是直至某时才做某事。动词为延续性或非延续性都可
以。正确使用这两个连词的关键之•就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。 肯定句：
I slept until midnight.我•宜睡到半夜时醒了 <> Wait till I call you.等着我叫你。
(在肯定句中可用 before 代替 Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.) 否定句：
o'clock.
6 until arrive didn't She
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 1) Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。
Until you told me, I had heard no thing of what happened.
直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我-点也不知道。
2) Until when疑问句中，until要放在句首。 •••Until when are you staying?你呆到什么时候？
・-Until next Monday.呆到下周
注意：否定句可用另外两种句式农示。
(1) Not until…在句首,主句用倒装。
Not until the eariy years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.
宜到19世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.
宜到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉舵了几多岁月。
(2) It is not until …that… 10表示一…就甥?？的结构
hardly/scarcely--when/before: no soone「・・・than 和 as soon as 都可以衣示•…就甥？？的
总 思，例：
I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain. I had no sooner got home than it began to rain. As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
注总：如果hardly, scarcely或no sooner置于句首,句子必须用倒装结构:
Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
三、名词性从句
•宾语从句(The Object Clause)： ・宾语从句
在句了•中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。宾语 从句可以作及物动词的宾语，作短语动词的宾语，介词的宾语。 ・宾语从句：及物动词
Everybody knows that money doesn't grow on trees.
・宾语从句：短语动词
Please go and find out when the train will arrive.
・宾语从句：介词的宾语
I am interested in what she is doing.
・宾语从句：否定的转移
I don't suppose you*re used to this diet.
我想你不习惯这种饮食。
I don't believe she'll arrive before 8.
我相信她8点之前不会到。
2） .衣语从句（The Predicative Clause）；
•茨语从句
在句了中起农语作用的从句叫做衣语从句。农语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词和同。
What the police want to know is when you entered the room. This is what we should do.
Thafs why I want you to work there.
as if, as though, because也可用来引导衣语从句。 She seems as if she had done a great thing. It is because you eat too much.
・虚拟语气：衣语从句
主语是idea, notion, proposal, suggestion, request等名词时，作衣语从句的动词为原形动词或
should+原形动词。
My suggestion is that we （should） go and help him.
Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible. 3） •同位语从句（The Appositive Clause）。
・同位从句•般跟在菜些名词如answer（答案），hope（希望），fact（事实），belief （信仰），news（消息），idea（主盘；观念），promise（承诺），information信息），
conclusion（结论）， orde「（命令），suggestion（建议），problem（问题），thought （想
法）等后而。例如：
I had no idea that you were here.
She told us her hope that she would become a pianist. He made a promise that he would never come late.
•同位语从句：whether
whether可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用whether作为引导词。 He hasn't made the decision whether he will go there. I have small doubt whether he is suitable for the job.
•同位语从句：what
what可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用what作为引导词 I have no idea what he is doing now.
•同位语从句：how
how可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用how作为引导词 It's a question how he did it.
・同位语从句和定语从句的区别（1）
同位语从句和先行词是同等的关系；而定语从句是用来修饰先行词，是从属的关系。. ・同位语从句和定语从句的区别（2）
that在同位语从句中没有词义，不充当句了•成分：而在定语从句中充当主语、宾语等句了成分。
・同位语从句和定语从句的区别（3）
whether, what, how可以用来引导同位语从句：而它们不能用来引导定语从句。
句子分类：简单句，并列句，复合句。
简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子叫做简 单句。
The old man lives in this village・（一个主语+一个谓语）
Li Hui and Li Qing went there together.（并列主语+一个谓语）
She went out, bought a bottle of wine and returned hurriedly.（—个主 语+三个并列谓语）
并列句：山并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起的句子，叫并列句。
'常用并歹连i司:and, but, or, so, yet, for, either・・・ or, neither・・・ nor, not only・・・but also等。
The car broke down, so we had to find a telephone・ You can wait here and 1 11 come back soon.
?
Hurry up, or you 11 be late for school・
主从复合句：有一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子，叫复合句。
通俗的讲，一个句子有两个句子构成，其中一个句子在整个句子中充当某一个成 分。
像这样的句子就是复合句。充当某个成分的句子是从句。整个句子是主句。
从句在整个句子中充当什么成分就称为，什么从句。因此可把从句分为主语从句, 宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句（这四种从句在复合句中的作用相当于名词, 统称为名词性从句），定语从句（形容词性从句）和状语从句。
句子：主语+谓语+宾语+状语，其中主语有一个句子构成，则是主语从句，宾语. ..是一个句子，则是宾语从句。状语是个句子，则是状语从句。. eg. what he said is not true.（作主语，是主语从句）
He asked if you have received the letter・（作 ask 的宾语，是.并于 从句）
As soon as she got home, she began her housework・（as soon as 引导时间状语从句）
句子：主语+系动词+表语，其中表语是个句子，则是表语从句。•
eg. The problem is that he is short of money.（作 be 的表语，是表语从句）
句子：主语+谓语+宾语（定语），或主语（定语）+谓语+宾语，（用于起修饰.作 用的是定语，译为 ....... 的），定语是个句子，称为定语从句。
eg.The farm （which we visited last Sunday） was located in the suburbs
of Beijing. ±星期天我们去参观的那个农场座落于北京郊区。修饰the farm.
练习：判断下列句子哪些是简单句，哪些是并列句，哪些是复合句。如果是复合 句，说出是什么从句。
反思：本节课主要学习句子分类，重点在复合句。主要让学生了解什么样的句子 是从句，怎样判断从句是什么从句。并不一定要会怎样写这个句子和如何使用句 子中的连接词。
在讲此课前必须先让学生知道句子的成分，即通常有主语，谓语，表语，宾语, 定语，宾语补足语，状语。
内容难度较浅，内容不多，适合基础差的学生。一节课下来，大部分学生知道区 分句子类型以及学会了分析哪些是主语从句，哪些是宾语从句等。
从句
目录［隐藏］. 总结. 分类. 宾语从句. 同位语从句. 状语从句. 总结. 分类. 宾语从句. 同位语从句. 状语从句. ［编辑本段］.
总结 从句(Subordinate Clause)是复介句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语...部 分，由
that、who、when等引导词(Connective)引导的非主句部分。
［编辑本段］.
分类 从句有主语从句、衣语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类。. 前四类
由于主语从句、衣语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句了的功用相当于名词，所以 通称名同性从句：后两类定语从句和状语从句功用相当于形容词，称为形容河件..从句。状语 从句还可以分为条件状语从句、原因状语从句、方位状语从句和时间状语.从句。
1•主语从句(Subject Clause)：用作主语的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有从属 连诃、
疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等。...
2•农语从句(Predicative Clause)：用作衣语的从句叫衣语从句。引导农语从句的关联词与引 导主
语从句的关联词大都一样。
3•宾语从句(ObjectClause)：在句了中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句•宾语从句分为三类： 动词
的宾语从句，介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。
4徳语中的从句：状语从句和宾语从句均用Dass来引导
［编辑本段］.
宾语从句
第部分 —定义：
宾语从句就是-个句子作动词或介词的宾语。
二、学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：连接词、语序和时态。 (指人),who (指事)),which指事务或人that(连接词•般都是
1. 从句为陈述句，常选择连接词that或将that省略，直接与主句相连。.
2. 从句为•般疑问句，常选择连接词if或whether。在whether—or not结构.中不能用if 替换。 3. 从句为待姝疑问句，常选择what,when,where,which,who,how等的疑问代、.副词作连接
词。
★当who为主语时，句式为：who+谓语+其他 判断时态情况：
主句是•般现在时，从句为各种时态情况.
2. 主句是•般过去时，从句为各种相应过去时态注意：从句描绘客观事实，用-般现在时 3•主句是-般将来时，•般从句为一般现在时(“主将从现”)
例题：
(1. The teacher told the children that the sun ______ round. A. was B. is C. were D. are
(2. I believe that our team ______ the basketball match. A. win B. won C. will win D. wins
(3. I don't know ______ to visit the old man. A. whether B. if C. that D. who
(4.The soldiers soon reached( )was once an old temple( )the villagers used as a school. A.which;where B.what;which C.where;which D.what;where
答4：选B,动词reach后接宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，where不可，which引导宾语从句时 衣疑问含义“哪•个…”而此句中并非疑问含义，不知道哪•座庙宇，而是用what从句农陈述 含义，意“过去的•座I口庙宇”：temple后为对其修饰的定语从句，用关系代词which代替，并 在从句中作动词used的宾语，use sth. as—\"把…用作… 宾语从句，在复合句中作宾语，位于及物动词后：
Tell him which class you are in ・ Do you know what he likes ? (1)主、从句时态一致：
主句谓语过去时，从句相应过去时：
He answered that he was listening to me.
主句谓语现在时，从句时态任所需：
He says (that) he will leave a message on my desk. They know (that) he is working hard.
具体过去永不变，真理格言现在时：
He told me that he was born in 1980. Father told me that practice makes perfect.
)否定前移，及完成反意问句：2 (
在think / believe / suppose / guess / imagine / expect等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时，应 转
移到主句上去，完成反总疑问句时，应与从句主、谓保持•致。.(注：否定前移的条件是， 主句主语是第-人称)
I don't think you are right ,are you ?
I don't believe they have finished their work yet,have they ? (3)在衣示建议 suggest: advise
要求 demand、desire> require, request, propose： 决定 decide;命令 ordercommand;坚决主张 insist; 等动词后跟宾语从句，用(should) +v.(虚拟语气)
eg. I suggested that you (should) study hard・ He ordered that we should go out at once ・
（4） （5）
如果宾语从句后有宾语补足语，用it作形式宾语，把宾语从句后置..
eg. You may think it strange that he would live there・
宾语从句that常可省略，但在以下情况下不能省略
A. 当主句谓语动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，可以省略第•个that,其他不能省略。 eg. I believe （that） you have done your best and that things will get bet?坐I； ter・ B. 当it作形式宾语时
eg. She made it clear that she had no thing to do with him ・ c.当宾语从句前置时
eg. That our team will win. I believe・
三、 分类
A、 作动词的宾语： eg. I heard the news
I主语heard谓语动词the news.名词作宾语
I主语heard谓语动词that he would come here later on.-个句了•作宾语…宾语从句 B、 作介词的宾语：
eg. He said nothing about this plan «
He主语said谓语动词nothing代词作动词的宾语about介词the plan.
名词作介词的宾语
四、 带有宾语从句的复合句的构成：
带有宾语从句的复合句就是用连接词把•个主句和•个宾语从句连接在-起。连接词有： that（可省略），what, who, when, where, why, which, if, whether, how・ 五、 注意:
。陈述语序宾语从句必须用A
False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job. Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job. B有时候可以用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。
Bad: I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible. Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours. Bad: He left whether we should continue this project to my judgment. Good: He left it to myjudgment whether we should continue this project.
c带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式•般是否定主句。 Bad: I think he doesn't like the English teacher. Good: I don*t think he likes the English teacher.
D False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner. Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the comer.
4•同位语从句（Appositive Clause）：与先行词同位或等同的从句叫作同位语从句。其关联词 多为thato
5-定语从句（ Attributive Clause）：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句•般皆放在被它所 修
饰的名（代）词之后，这种名（代）词就叫作先行词（Antecedent）o .引导定语从句的关联 词为关系代词（或称引导词、关系词等）。关系代词在定语从句中.可用作主语、宾语、定语等； 关系副词在定语从句中用作状语，
① 引导定语从句的关联同有who, whom, whose, that, when, where, why . 和which.在非限制定语从句中，只可用which, who, whose, where , when., 如果指代前而整个句r,多用which. 例句：
The dog that/which was lost has been found.（失踪的狗己经找到 了。）
Those who are in favor of the proposal are expected to discuss it in detail after the meeting.
（有人认为那些对这个提案有兴趣的人最好是在会后再具体讨论它。）
There are many organizations whose purpose is to help the homeless.
（存在着许多旨在帮助无家可归者的组织。）
The days when we had to rely on wool, cotton o「silk for our clothes have now passed.（另0 种必须依赖羊毛，棉花或者蚕丝•做衣服的日子已经过去了。）
Air moves from places where the pressure was high to places where the pressure is low.
（空气从压强高的地方流向压强低的地方。）
This is the reason why he refused to help us.（这就是他拒绝帮助我们的原因。）
（他出生 country.the struck earthquake an when 1976, in bom was He 于1976年，这一年这个城镇发生了地震。）
They turned a blind eye to the suffering of the people, which enraged all of us.（他们对受苦
人们的漠视激怒了我们。）
② 当引导定语从句的先行词前有all, any, no, little, much, very first等词,或先行词前为形 容词最高级所修饰时，或先行词为all, anything, nothing, somet -------- hing, everything时，从 句的引导词只能用that.
The only thing that matters to the children is how soon they can have their holiday.（孩（们
唯i关心的是他们什么时候放假。）
These are the very points that puzzle me.（真正困扰我的是这些观点。） Is there anything that bothers you?（有什么事烦着你吗？〉
This is the best film that was ever produced by the company.（这部是那个公司有史以来拍 摄
得最好的电影。）
③ as可做引导词引导定语从句，多和such, the same连用.As引导的定语从句也可修饰整 个句子，既可放在先行词后，也可放在句子开头. 例句：
Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.（你描述的那•类人现在很少 了。） The boy was run over by a motor-car, as often happened in pre-liberation Shanghai.（那个
男孩被i辆摩托轧过去了，这种事在解放前的上海是不少见的。）
As is often the case, the girl forgot to bring her dictionary.（正如往常•样，这个女孩又忘了 带
上字典。）
We are opposed to such ideas as are not based upon objective facts.（我们是反寸这种亳无
事实根据的想法的。）
④ 介词+which/whom/whose 从句
The driver is the man from whose room she had stolen the gold watch.（她就是从那个司机 的
房间偷了金表的。）
Language is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.（语言就是人们用来和其他人交流的•种工具。）
Jane spent all evening talking about her latest book, of which none of
us had ever heard. （Jane •晚上都在谈论着也最近学课本，那些内容我们闻所未闻。）
例题：
Water dissolves a part of nearly everyth! ng ______ it comes in con tact. a. where b. that c with which d as soon as
⑤ 代/名+介词+which从句
He is needing a book, the name of which I don*t know.（他需要•本书,）但是我不知道书 名」 In factories and in our daily life, there are many waste materials, all of which can he turned into useful things under certain condition.（在工厂里.在我们的日常生洁中都有很多垃圾，其 实这
些垃圾在某种情况下是可以转变为有用的东西的。）
To make an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions, each of which has only one correct answer.（为了能够客观地测试，老师写了 •串答案唯•的问题。）
⑥ 同位语从句和定语从句
The news that he has been admitted by Harvard University is very pleasing.（他彼i冷佛人‘7： 录取的消息非常令人兴奋。）
The news that you told me was really exciting.（你告诉我的好个消息真的是很激动人心。）
⑦ 难句：
NO.IHe is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.（他是被选为代农该团队
的人中i员。）
NO.2He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.（他是那
些男孩中唯一一个愿意再接受任务的人。）
NO.31 shall never forget the day when we first met. NO.4I remember the morning when he first came to school. NO.4I shall never forget the days which I spent in the countryside. NO.5The room where he lived is kept in good repair.
N0.6Alva found a place in the cellar where he uses as his first laboratory. NO.7The way in which/that you answered the questions was admirable
第二部分 一、 时态
1 •主句用•般现在时，从句可用任意时态。 ---------- 2 •主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。
3 •主句用过去时，从句是真理时，只用•般现在时。
二、 宾语从句的几类连接词： ① 从属连词
连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that, if, whether, that引导衣示陈述句的宾语从句，而if和
whether引导农示“是否”的宾语从句-
例句：
He told that he would go to the college the next year
他告诉我他下一年上大学
I don't know if there will be a bus any more.
我不知道是否还会有公交车•
Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.
没人知道他是否会通过考试- ② 连接代词 ----------
连接彳弋词主要有 who, whom :whose ,what,whoever :whomever ,whosever, whatever,
whichever 等一
连接代词•般指疑问，但what, whatever除了指疑问外，也可以指陈述- 例句：
Do you know who has won Red Alert game?
你知道谁贏了这-局红警游戏吗？
I don't know whom you should depend on.
我不知道你该依靠谁•
The book will show you what the best CEOs know.
这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么.
Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?
你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗？ ③ 连接副词
连接副词主要有 when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however 等- 例句：
He didn't tell me when we should meet again.
他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面.
Could you please tell me how you read the new panel?
你能展示给我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗？
None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到• 三、 动词的宾语从句 ------ 大多数动词都可以带宾语从句
We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger.
我们都预料他们会贏，因为他们的队员更强壮.
He told us that they would help us though the whole work.
他告诉我们在整个工作中，他都会帮忙的一 ★部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句 例句：
I have found out that all the tickets for the con cert have bee n sold out.
我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了
Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?
你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗？ ★动词短语也可以带宾语从句
常见的这些词有：make sure确保make up one's mind下决心keep in
mind牢记
例句：
Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.
在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误. 四、 可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句
①动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后而有宾语补足语的时候，则需要用it做形式宾语 而将that宾语从句后置. 例句：
I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .
我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的-
I feel it a pity that I have n't bee n to the get-together.
我没去聚会，感觉非常遗憾-
I have made it a rule that I keep diaries.
我每天写日记成了习惯.
We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater.
我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要•
② 有些动词带宾语从句时寻要在宾语与从句前加it 这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to. 例句：
I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.
我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.
He will have it that our plan is really practical.
他会认为我们的计划确实可行.
We take it that you will agree with us.
我们认为你会同意我们的一
When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral.
开启发动机时，-定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置. ③ 若宾语从句是wh-类，则不可用it代替 例句：
We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.
我们都认为你所说的是不可信的-
valuable.
be to learned had we what discovered We
我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的.
五、 介词的宾语从句—— 用wh-类的介词宾语从句 例句：
We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.
我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部-
The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space. 这本新
书是关于神州6号栽人航天飞船是如何升如太空的.
★用that.it引导的介词宾语从句有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾 语从句 例句：
I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.
对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班，其他一无所知一 六、 形容词的宾语从句 ---------- 常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有：
sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry, afraid,satisfied,surprised
例句：
I am sure I will pass the exam.
我确信我会通过考试•
I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.
很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你.
He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.
他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他- 七、 if,whether在宾语从句中的区别
① if和whether在作“是否\"解时，引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care.wonder,find out 等之后，介词后一般不用if
② 少数动词,$n：leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether. ③ whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以. ④ 在不定式前只能用whether. ------------
如：I can't decide whether to stay.我不能决定是否留下° ⑤ 避免歧异时，我们常用whether而不用if. 八、 哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词that ----------------
1. 当 that 作 learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold 等动词的宾语
时;
2 •当宾语从句较长时；
宾语从句之前时，当主语状语置于主句尾3.
4.当主语谓语\"M（包括非谓 •）与宾语从句之间有插入语时； ---------
5•当•个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，此时第•个that可以省略,第二个that不可以省 略； 6•当宾语从句中的主语是this.that或this,that做主语的定语时； 7•当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时；
8•当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时； 9•当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时； 10. 当宾语从句有it做其先行词时；
笛•在直接引语中，转述分句把宾语从句隔开时- 九、宾语从句的否定转移
主句的谓语动词是 think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess 等，并且 主句的主语是第•人称而且为•般现在时,从句的否定词•般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句 …般与宾语从句一致. 例句：
I don't think he will come to my party-而不能说成 I think he won't come to my party.
我认为他不会来我的舞会.
I don't believe that man is killed by Jim.is he?
我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的，是不是？
★如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词，其反义疑问句要用肯定形式. 例句：
We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?
我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课，是不是？ 十、宾语从句的时态和语序
当主句为现在时或将来时的时候，宾语从句的时态•般不受主句的时态所影响。 当主句为过去时的时，细分为-下几种情况：
① 从句用•般过去时或过去进行时衣示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生 例句：
I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didn't know what country he was in.
我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书，可不知道是哪个国家.
He asked me if I was reading the story 4, The Old Man and the Sea ” when he was in. 他问我
他进来的时候我是否正在读 < 老人与海〉.
② 从句过去完成时衣示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前 例句：
already.
meeting the about Mary told had he that me told He
他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉的了 Mary.
③ 从句谓语用过去将来时衣示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后 例句：
The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do.
记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压躱乱-
★如果从句是•个客观真理，那么从句的时候不根据主句的时态而变化 例句：
The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.
老师昨天说月亮绕着地球转一
★当宾语从句的引导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,wh y等农疑问时，不能按正常语序 安排,经常将这类引导词置于句首 例句：
Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite sin ger this year?
你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜欢的歌手。 ［编辑本段］ ------
同位语从卡
同位诰从句用法比较固定，把关键的几个词背下来（下面这个材料供参考〉:
•、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它•般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词 农示的具体内容。如：
I heard the news that our team had won.我听到了我们队获胜的消息。 I had no idea that you were here.我不知道你在这里。
二、 可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有 news, idea, fact, promise, question, doubt, thought, hope,
message» suggestion, words （i肖息J, possibility等。 如：
I've come from Mr wang with a message that he won't be able to see you this afternoon.我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。
三、 英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词that, whether,连接副词how,when,where等。（注：
if.which不能引导同位语从句。）如:
I have no idea When he will be back.我不知道他什么时候回来。 He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.
他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。
如：四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。
Several years later, word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them ・
几年以后，有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视察他们。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.
他突然想起可能敌人己经逃出城了。 五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别。
仁同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前而名词的内容：而定语从句与前面的名 词是修饰与彼修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。如：
The news that I have passed the exam is true.我通过 了考试这-消息是真的。
（同位语从句，即从句所农达的意思就是前面名词的内容。）
The news that he told me just now is true.他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。
（定语从句，从句对前而名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消息。）
2、引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成份，而引导定语从句的that是关系 代词，
除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或农语等。如：
The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.
计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。（that在从句中不充当任何成份。）
The idea that he gave surprises many people.他捉出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。 （that在从句中作gave的宾语。）
•个名词（或其它形式）对另•个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词（或其它形式）就 是同位语。同位语与彼它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在…起。
1）非独立的同位语：常出现在被限定词前 Bruce Lee （姓名）李小龙
Graf Schmidt （称号，浑名）施密特伯爵 Doktor Wang （职称，头衔）王博士 Uncel Liu （亲戚的称呼）刘叔叔 die Stadt Shanghai （类属名称）上海市 the Province Hebei （类属名称）河北省 das Jahr 2000 （类属名称）2000 年 three Kilo tomato （度量名称）三公斤西红柿 the University Bremen （专有名词）不来梅人学
国际上另一种分法为关系从句
clause）
relative关系从句（
关系从句的理解与翻译
人们习惯称由关系代词that, which, who. whom, whose和关系副词when, where等引导 的从句为“定语从句”，认为这种从句的功能同汉语定语相当，只不过英语的定语从句后置，汉 语的定语前置罢了。但随着对语言认识的不断深入，人们发现很多这样的从句不能用定语来翻译。 让我们先看一例：
Kennedy was rushed to a hospital where he died immediately.
若拘泥于“简短的定语从句可译为汉语前置定语”的观点，该句了•就可能会彼译为： 肯尼迪彼急忙送到一家他很快就死的医院。
译文听上去荒谬可笑，仿佛送医院的目的是为了“很快就死”，这显然有悖原意。这里“where” 起过渡连接的作用，相当于“andthere”，在语义上属力噺层次，绝无修饰，更无限制“怎样 的医院”之意。从句中“died”这•动作发生于主句中“was rushed”的动作之后，进•步交待 了事情发展的结果。可见，这种结构难用“定语从句”来解释。因此有的语言学家主张将这种句 （笼统称为“关系从句”。这种正名有利于我们摆脱“定语”的吏缚，深入分析该类从句形形色 色的内在关系。所以，例1应译为：
肯尼迪彼急忙送到•家医院，在那里他很快就死了。 让我们再多看几个例子：
1. When he was still a little boy, Jack London wrote some compositions which were praised by his teachers.
杰克・伦敦还是小孩时，他写的•些作文就受到老师的赞赏。 （不宜译为：……他就写受到老师赞扬的作文。）
2. I met the boatman who then took me across the ferry.
我遇到了那位船夫，他将我渡到对岸。
（不宜译为：我遇到那位将我渡到对岸的船夫。）
3. While they were waiting there, a dog from one of the houses down the road began a wild, hoarse howl that continued until a voice called out and hushed him.
他们正在那儿等时，从路边•幢房屋窜出的•条狗开始况吠不止，宜到有人岀来喝住，它才停 下来。 （不宜译为： ..... 条狗开始了宜到有人出来喝住才停止的狂吠。）
4. In the torchlight, he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkines, our local grocer.
借着电筒的壳光，他看见•个人影，马上认出是当地朵货商比尔•威尔金斯。 （不宜译为：……他看见马上认出的是当地杂货商比尔•威尔金斯的影子。）
我们知道，汉语由于缺乏关系代词、关系连词等连接手段，通常只有以时间或逻辑为轴线安排 句f，对语序的依赖性极人，如果把后发生的事做前置定语就会显得很好笑，如“送到•家很快 就死的医院“”写受老师赞扬的作文”。而英语的连接手段相当丰富，构成信息焦点的中心词后 面可马上由关系代词引导从句补充信息，从句中需补充从句，但仍能使人感到句子层次淸楚。 如：……信息的名词后又衍生出二度、三度.
5. The sn ake catches the toad that eats the in sect that nibbles the green leaves that grow on the branches.
遇到这种•个从句扣•个从句的句了，汉语只有以简驭繁：断句。译为： 蛇吃癞蛤蟆，癞蛤蟆吃虫子，虫子吃生长在树枝上的绿叶子。
此外，读者也许注意到了:在仁2、3、4、5例中，抛开关系代词等结构不管，我们可明显察 觉英语、汉语的语序同事件发生的时间顺序基本•致，这无疑是翻译转换的极好基础，只需在关 系代词处断句，省掉关系代词，必要的话重复•下名词，照原文顺序翻译即可。那么如果主、从 句中谓语的动作是持续性的，或时序不清楚又怎么样呢？请看例句：
6. He is a professor who gives lectures in several universities this semester.
他是教授，这学期在几所大学兼课。
7 All this time I was living with a young married couple who interested me very much, for
they were unlike any people had ever known.
这段时期我•直和•对年轻夫妇同住在•块儿，这对夫妇使我很感兴趣，因为他们同我以前所 认识的人都不一样。
以上两例中主句传递了主要信息，从句传递了辅助信息，从另•侧面加以补充描述，或提供某 种必要的背景知识，关系代词则起停顿、衔接、过渡的作用，使语义发展顺利进人另•层次，我 们似乎察觉不到这些从句跟中心词之间有何限制或修饰关系。
有时关系代词和关系副词还体现了主、从句间的某种逻辑关系，不能简单地视为“代替”某个 名词而同时接续从句的词。如：
8. In 1906, however, Pierre, who was crossing a road, was run over and killed, （who—〜 when he…)
1906年，皮埃尔在横穿马路时彼车压死了。
9. Di; Bethune, who was very tired on his arrival, set to work at once. (who was… 〜though he was)
白求恩大夫刚到时虽然很累，但他立即便开始工作。
10. We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night. (whose eyes••- ~ because its eyes…)
我们知道，由于猫眼能比人眼吸收更多的光线，所以猫在夜里也能看得很清楚。
11. He would be a shortsighted commander who merely manned his fortress and did not look bey on d. (who••- ~ if he—)
(谁如果)只守城堡而不往远处看，(那他)就是目光短浅的指挥官。
12. There was something original, independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them, (that••- ~ so that the Plan--)
他们都喜欢。)所以(此方案新颖，有独创性，有魄力，
以上五例中，关系代词、副词在特定语境农示了时间、让步、原因、条件、结果等逻辑关系， 意义上和当于状语从句，翻译时也当然不能译为定语。另外，11. 12两句的汉译中括号里的汉 字省掉后意思仍然清楚而且显得更简洁、紧凑，这也是我们在翻译时应该考虑的。
传统语法囿于“定语从句”的观念，以关系代词前有无逗号为准，机械地将关系从句分为“限 制性定语从句”和“非限制性定语从句”，这是很不全而的。我们应该深入理解原文的深层意思， 尊重汉语的习惯，才能翻译出正确、地道的译文。 ［编辑本段］ ------
状语从句 状语从句(Adverbial Clause)：用作状语的从句叫作状语从句，其关联词是 一些从
属连词。
修饰主句中的动词、形容词和副词，通常由从属连词引导，按其意义和作用可分为时间、地点、 条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较状语从句等 分类举例说明：
:、时间状语从句1
1) 常见after,as,before,once,since,till, (not) until, when,whenever (no matter when) ,while, as long as,as soon as--・
例句：
As you look at yourself in a mirror, you'll seen an identical image of yourself. It is a long time before it is possible to test the medicine on human patients.
It was not until・・-that Not until—did he…
Not until I received the letter, did I know he had gone to America. It was not until••-.
When I got to the airport, I suddenly remembered that I had left the ticket behind. I was about to leave, when something occurred which attracted my attention. Whenever we have difficulty, he'll come to help us.
….就…刚做 barely)—when: hardly(scarcely, sooner--than, no 2)
No sooner had I opened the door than the telephone rang. She had scarcely news when she fainted.
3）还有 immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant, the second, every time etc
I'll tell you about it the moment you come.
I got in touch with him immediately I received his letter.
:地点状语从句、2
•般用 where or wherever 引导
I will stand where I can see the parade clearly. Wherever they went, they were warmly welcome.
：3、条件状语从句
真实条件从句:if, unless, so long as, provided that, supposing that, on condition that, in the
event that, in case that etc
I will not go to her party if she doesn*t invite me. I will not go to her party unless she invites me.
:原因状语从句4、
从属连词有 because, as ,since, for, now： that, in that, seeing that, considering that（鉴于，由 于）
As the school regulations are writte n quite clearly, there is no thing more to be explained. Considering that the sweater was hard made, it was not expensive. Seeing that they are inexperieneed, they are doing quite a good job.
:、让步状语从句5 引导词分类：
1）: even if, though, even though, while（尽管）no matter what/how/which, however, whatever, whichever, however etc.
He will not give up smoking even though the doctor advises him to. Whatever the consequenee may be, I will be on your side. However hard she tried to explain, nobody trusted her. It has been the same result, whichever way you do it.
彼强调的词须放在句首,语气较强烈，引起的让步从句as由2）
Simple as the question may seem, it is not at all comm on in nature. Cold as it is, the children play outdoors. Much as I respect him, I can't agree with him. Object as you may, I will go on with my plan. 3） whether-or,不管…或…
whether you be a student or a teacher, you are required to obey the regulations of the school.
：6.结果状语从句
引导词：so that, so—that, such…that
He is so humorous that well never forget him.
She is such a nice girl that everybody likes to make friends with her.
:、目的状语从句7
弓I 导词：so that, in order that, for fear that, lest, in case
I checked all the results time and again for fear that there should be any mistakes. Telephone us in advance in order that we might make the necessary arragements.
、方式状语从句8
弓I 导词：as, (just) as・・・soas if, as thougho
1) as, (just) as-so-引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as-so…结构中位于 句首，
这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是正如甥?？，就像，多用于正式文体，例如：
Always do to the others as you would be done by.
你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。
As water is to fish, so air is to man.
我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打扫
房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
2) as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，农示与事实相反，……仿佛有时 也用陈述语气，农示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作 似的，好像……似的，例如：
They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。(与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。)
He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.
他那样了就像彼雷击了似的。(与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。)
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看来天气很快就会好起来。(实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。)
说明：as if/as though也可以引导•个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.
他目不转睛地看着我，就像第•次看见我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something.
他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.
波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。 :、比较状语从句9
1) as…as, not so/as—as
the film was not so exciting as we expected.这部电影没有我们期待的•样精彩 The history of nursing is as old as the history of man. She likes them almost as much as Paul does. 2) 比较级 +than, so much/a lot more than She looks much younger than she is.
The universe is a lot more complicated than you think. 3) no more---than, not more--than, less---than
Jack is not more frightened than Mike is.不像马克那么害怕 Tom is no more rich than Black 3) the more--the more
The farther north you go, the severer the winter is. The more I see of him, the less I like him.
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